Blowing away a galaxy

Galaxies change over the eons. Galaxies grow new stars from interstellar gas. The way a galaxy grows new stars is a measure of its age. Supernova explosions and the jets of a monstrous black hole are scattering outward a galaxy\'s (NGC 3810) star making gas. The findings, which relied on ultraviolet observations from NASA\'s Galaxy Evolution Explorer and a host of other instruments, fill an important gap in the current understanding of galactic evolution. It has long been known that gas rich spiral galaxies like our Milky Way smash together to create elliptical galaxies such as the one observed in the study. These big, round galaxies have very little star formation. The reddish glow of aging stars comes to dominate the complexion of elliptical galaxies, so astronomers refer to them as \"red and dead.\" The process that drives the dramatic transformation from spiral galactic youth to elderly elliptical is the rapid loss of cool gas, the fuel from which new stars form. Supernova explosions can start the decline in star formation, and then shock waves from the supermassive black hole finish the job. Now astronomers think they have identified a recently merged galaxy where this gas loss has just gotten underway. \"We have caught a galaxy in the act of destroying its gaseous fuel for new stars and marching toward being a red-and-dead type of galaxy,\" said Ananda Hota, lead author of a new paper in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.  \"We have found a crucial missing piece to connect and solve the puzzle of this phase of galaxy evolution,\" Hota added. The most massive galaxies in the sky are giant elliptical galaxies. Their stars are on orbits that are randomly oriented within the galaxy (i.e. they are not rotating like disk galaxies). They are composed of old stars and have little to no dust. All elliptical galaxies probed so far have supermassive black holes in their center, and the mass of these black holes is correlated with the mass of the elliptical galaxy.  Elliptical galaxies do not have disks around them, although some bulges of disk galaxies look similar to elliptical galaxies. One is more likely to find elliptical galaxies in more crowded regions of the universe (such as galaxy clusters). Astronomers now see elliptical galaxies as some of the most evolved systems in the universe. It is widely accepted that the main driving force for the evolution of elliptical galaxies is mergers of smaller galaxies. These mergers can be extremely violent; galaxies often collide at speeds of 500 kilometers per second. The supermassive black holes that reside in the centers of galaxies can flare up when engorged by gas during galactic mergers. As a giant black hole feeds, colossal jets of matter shoot out from it, giving rise to what is known as an active galactic nucleus. According to theory, shock waves from these jets heat up and disperse the reservoirs of cold gas in elliptical galaxies, thus preventing new stars from taking shape.    The galaxy Hota and his team looked at, called NGC 3801, shows signs of such a process. NGC 3801 is unique in that evidence of a past merger is clearly seen, and the shock waves from the central black hole\'s jets have started to spread out very recently. The researchers used the Galaxy Evolution Explorer to determine the age of the galaxy\'s stars and decipher its evolutionary history. The ultraviolet observations show that NGC 3801\'s star formation has petered out over the last 100 to 500 million years, demonstrating that the galaxy has indeed begun to leave behind its youthful years. The lack of many big, new, blue stars makes NGC 3801 look yellowish and reddish in visible light, and thus middle-aged. What\'s causing the galaxy to age and make fewer stars? The short-lived blue stars that formed right after it merged with another galaxy have already blown up as supernovae. Data from NASA\'s Hubble Space Telescope revealed that those stellar explosions have triggered a fast outflow of heated gas from NGC 3801\'s central regions. That outflow has begun to banish the reserves of cold gas, and thus cut into NGC 3801\'s overall star making. Some star formation is still happening in NGC 3801, as shown in ultraviolet wavelengths observed by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer, and in infrared wavelengths detected by NASA\'s Spitzer Space Telescope. But that last flicker of youth will soon be extinguished by colossal shock waves from the black hole\'s jets, seen in X-ray light by NASA\'s Chandra X-ray Observatory.  The waves will reach the outer portions of NGC 3801 in about 10 million years, scattering any remaining cool hydrogen gas and rendering the galaxy truly red and dead. \"The quenching of star formation by feedback from the active galactic nucleus probably occurs in just a billion years. That\'s not very long compared to the 10-billion-year age of a typical big galaxy,\" said Hota. \"The explosive shock wave event caused by the central black hole is so powerful that it can dramatically change the future course of the evolution of an entire galaxy.\"