Archaeology a burden on debt-stricken Greece

Faced with massive public debt, Greece is finding that its fabled antiquity heritage is proving a growing burden – with licensed digs postponed, illegal ones proliferating, museum staff trimmed and valuable pieces stolen. “Greece’s historic remains have become our curse,” whispered an archaeologist at a recent media event organized to protest spending cuts imposed on the country for the past two years as a condition for European Union and International Monetary Fund loans. With Greece moving into a fifth year of recession, licensed archaeology digs are finding it ever harder to obtain public funds while antiquity smuggling is on the rise, archaeologists warned at the meeting. “There are an increasing number of illegal digs near archaeological sites,” said Despina Koutsoumba, head of the association of Greek archaeologists. “Some of them are excavated by semi-professionals who work for art trafficking networks. Others are done by treasure hunters.” Last month, Greek police arrested 44 people and recovered thousands of ancient coins and numerous Byzantine icons after smashing a large antiquity smuggling ring in northern Greece. In October, another gang was arrested in possession of Macedonian golden grave offerings from the sixth century B.C. which were valued at some $14.8 million. Some senior archaeologists have argued that given the lack of funds for archaeological research, it would be wiser to rebury valuable discoveries to better protect them. “Let us leave our antiquities in the soil,” Michalis Tiverios, a professor of archaeology at Thessaloniki’s Aristotelio University, told Ta Nea daily, “to be found by archaeologists in 10,000 A.D., when Greeks and their politicians will perhaps show more respect to their history.” For now, the penury seems to have spared the work of foreign archaeology schools which have helped bring to light some of the country’s most important sites from the late-19th century onward. But even here, creative accounting is sometimes called for. “The Greek state is obliged to provide a certain share of financing for each excavation,” said a foreign school representative, speaking on condition of anonymity. “But as there’s no more money available, we put in our budget calculations the use of state facilities such as storage areas or lots.” Greek archaeologists said last month that funding for the country’s archaeological service fell by 35 percent to $15.7 million last year, and will be further reduced this year. A tenth of Culture Ministry employees have been dismissed, and 3,500 temporary staff brought in to allow museums, sites and excavations to operate. Greece’s financial difficulties and staff shortages did not take long to attract unwanted attention. In January, a unique Picasso and two other artworks were stolen from the Athens National Gallery during a staff strike. A month later, two armed men stole over 70 objects from a museum in ancient Olympia, birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games. Out of 106 archaeological and Byzantine museums, 250 organized archaeological sites and another 19,000 known locations of importance, only a handful have been spared the ravages of the Greek debt crisis, archaeologists say. Alongside the Acropolis in Athens, Greece’s top site where EU-financed restoration has continued for decades, these include the Minoan palace complex of Knossos on Crete and the sanctuaries of Delphi, Olympia and Vergina, the necropolis of ancient Macedonian kings. Elsewhere, resources are badly stretched to non-existent. The national archaeological museum in Athens and the museum of Byzantine art in Thessaloniki routinely shut down entire halls because of a shortage of guards. In Corinth, where the American School of Classical Studies has maintained an excavation for more than a century, the site closes at 3 p.m. because of staff shortages. On the Dodecanese islands in the Aegean Sea, where important finds dating to the Neolithic period have been found, some museums will stay closed until May when the heavy tourist season gets under way. “If they’re not open to the public,” said Koutsoumba, “they’re storehouses, not museums.”