Beer taste alone triggers reward chemical in brain

The taste of beer, even without any effect from alcohol, triggers a key reward chemical in the brain, according to a study on Monday that explores how people become hooked on booze. Neurologists at the University of Indiana asked 49 men to drink either their favourite beer or Gatorade, a non-alcoholic sports drink, while their brains were scanned by positron emission tomography (PET). The goal was to look at dopamine, a chemical in a part of the brain called the ventral striatum that gives the sensation of reward. The beer was rationed out in tiny amounts -- just 15 millilitres, or about one tablespoon, every 15 minutes -- so that the brain could be scanned without the influence of alcohol. Just a taste of the beer lit up dopamine receptors, and the effect was far greater than for Gatorade, even though many volunteers said they prefered the taste of the soda, the investigators found. The dopamine effect was significantly greater among volunteers with a family history of alcoholism, they reported. "We believe this is the first experiment in humans to show that the taste of an alcoholic drink alone, without any intoxicating effect from the alcohol, can elicit this dopamine activity in the brain's reward centres," said David Kareken, a professor of neurology who led the experiments. Dopamine has long been associated with substance craving, with anecdotal evidence suggesting it can be triggered by the sound, sight or smell of a pub. As a result, researchers focus on techniques for avoiding or minimising such triggers. Pharmacologists, meanwhile, are exploring treatments to block cells from responding to dopamine. The study, published in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology, drew a mixed response from outside experts. Some thought the study was innovative, others thought it was too small and many were intrigued that a family connection with alcoholism was linked to a higher dopamine response. "[W]e know that exposure to such conditioned rewards is sometimes the trigger that induces abstaining addicts to relapse," said Dai Stephens, a professor of experimental psychology at Britain's University of Sussex. "Understanding the mechanisms that account for the differences in the consequences of this kind of conditioning between individuals at risk and not at risk for alcoholism might point to ways of reducing such risks."