Despite shared habitat, two species divide

One species of microbe has divided into two, despite no physical barriers keeping them apart, researchers report. As reported in the journal PLoS Biology, the new study is the first example of what the researchers call sympatric speciation in a microorganism. In a hot spring in Kamchatka, Russia, the two groups of genetically indistinguishable microbes parted ways. They began evolving into different species—despite the fact that they still encountered one another in their acidic, boiling habitat and even exchanged some genes from time to time, researchers report. The idea of sympatric speciation (one lineage diverging into two or more species with no physical or mechanical barriers keeping them apart) is controversial and tricky to prove, especially in microbes, says University of Illinois microbiology professor Rachel Whitaker, who led the study. “One of the big questions, from Darwin on, is how do species diverge if they are living together?” she says. “That question really hasn’t been answered very well, even in the macro-organisms that we’ve studied for hundreds of years.” Bacteria and their distantly related microbial cousins the archaea are even more difficult to study because they have so many ways to share genetic information, Whitaker says. The microbes divide to conquer, producing exact or near-exact clones of themselves. If this were their only way of getting established, their genetic diversity would be quite low, the result of a few random copy errors and mutations, Whitaker says. But they also can link up with each other to pass genes back and forth, suck up random genetic elements from the environment, and acquire new genes from the viruses that infect them and their neighbors. Before scientists were able to dissect the genetic endowment of individual microbes, they had a hard time telling the bugs apart—so much so that they once confused bacteria and archaea. Researchers now know that the archaea belong to a third domain of life—as different from bacteria as plants and animals are. “Every time we look, everywhere we look we see variation in microbial populations using these molecular tools,” Whitaker says. “You have to use these molecules, these DNA sequences, to tell the difference between species.” But even with new sequencing technologies, the task of studying microbial evolution is daunting. Whitaker and her colleagues focused on Sulfolobus islandicus, a heat-loving organism from the archaeal domain of life, because it is one of few microorganisms that live in distinct “island” populations created by geothermal hot springs. “We’re looking at an environment that’s not very complex in microbial terms,” Whitaker says. “There are not that many organisms that can handle it, and the ones that can don’t successfully move around very often.” The researchers sequenced the genomes of 12 strains of S. islandicus from a single hot spring in the Mutnovsky Volcano region of Kamchatka. By comparing sequences at multiple sites on the microbes’ single (circular) chromosome using new software programs ClonalFrame and ClonalOrigin, the researchers were able to reconstruct the genetic history of each of the strains. The analysis revealed two distinct groups of S. islandicus among the 12 strains. The microbes were swapping genes with members of their own group more than expected, but sharing genes with the other group less than expected, Whitaker says. And the exchange of genetic material between the two groups was decreasing over time. This indicates that the two groups are already separate species, even though they share the same habitat, Whitaker says. The differences between the two groups were slight, but speciation was clearly under way, she says. Peering more closely at the patterns of change, the researchers saw a mosaic of differences along the chromosome, with vast “continents” of variation and smaller “islands” of stability. Those islands likely represent regions that are under selective pressure, Whitaker says; something in their environment is weeding out the microbes that don’t have those genes or sets of genes. The variable regions are more fluid, with genes coming and going (a process called recombination) and mutations increasing diversity. The findings provide the first evidence that sympatric speciation occurs in a microbe, Whitaker says. “We caught them speciating,” she says. “They do exchange some genes—just not very many. So now we know you don’t have to have a (geographic or mechanical) barrier to recombination for speciation to occur. All you have to have is selection pulling the two groups apart, which nobody knew before.” This study provides a glimpse of the profound genetic diversity that likely occurs everywhere in wild microbial populations, Whitaker says. “What we see as two different species are 0.35 percent different across the chromosome; that’s about one-third of the distance between human and chimp,” she says. The two distinct groups of microbes are “orders of magnitude” more similar to each other than groups normally considered separate species, she says. “That means there are orders of magnitude more species of microbes than we ever thought there were,” she says. “And that’s kind of mind-boggling.” The research team included scientists from Arizona State University, the University of California at Davis, and the University of Oxford.