Polar sea ice: down but not out

Polar sea ice can recover from even the harshest period of climate-induced melting as long as the planet cools again, according to a new study. Researchers have kept an eye on the shrinking area of the Arctic covered by sea ice in warmer summer months, a development that has created new shipping lanes and raised concerns about threats to species such as polar bears. The new study, published in the journal Geophysical Journal Letters, finds there is no tipping point or threshold warm temperature beyond which ice cannot recover if temperatures come back down. For the study, scientists used one of two computer-generated global climate models that accurately reflect the rate of sea-ice loss under current climate conditions, a model so sensitive to warming that it projects the complete loss of September Arctic sea ice by the middle of this century. However, the model takes several more centuries of warming to completely lose winter sea ice, and doing so required carbon dioxide levels to be gradually raised to a level nearly nine times greater than today. When the model’s carbon dioxide levels then were gradually reduced, temperatures slowly came down and the sea ice eventually returned. “We expected the sea ice to be completely gone in winter at four times the current level of carbon dioxide but we had to raise it by more than eight times,” says Cecilia Bitz, associate professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington. “All that carbon dioxide made a very, very warm planet. It was about 6 degrees Celsius (11 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it is now, which caused the Arctic to be completely free of sea ice in winter.” In the model, the scientists raised atmospheric carbon dioxide 1 percent each year, which resulted in doubling the levels of the greenhouse gas about every 70 years. The model began with an atmospheric carbon dioxide level of 355 parts per million (in July the actual figure stood at 392 ppm). In that scenario, it took about 230 years to reach temperatures at which the Earth was free of sea ice during winter. At that point, atmospheric carbon dioxide was greater than 3,100 parts per million. Then the model’s carbon dioxide level was reduced at a rate of 1 percent a year until, eventually, temperatures retreated to closer to today’s levels. The team’s carbon dioxide-reduction scenario would require more than just a reduction in emissions that could be achieved by placing limits on the burning of fossil fuels. The carbon dioxide would have to be drawn out of the atmosphere, either naturally or mechanically. While the lack of a “tipping point” could be considered good news, she says, the increasing greenhouse gases leave plenty of room for concern. “Climate change doesn’t have to exhibit exotic phenomena to be dangerous,” Bitz says, adding that while sea ice loss can have some positive effects, it is proving harmful to species such as polar bears that live on the ice and to some people who have been forced to relocate entire villages. “The sea ice cover will continue to shrink so long as the Earth continues to warm,” she says. “We don’t have to hypothesize dramatic phenomena such as tipping points for this situation to become challenging.”